For anyone inclined to caricature environmental history as 'environmental determinism,' the contrasting histories of the Dominican Republic and Haiti provide a useful antidote. Yes, environmental problems do constrain human societies, but the societies' responses also make a difference.
Interpretation
Environmental factors influence societies, but human responses also play a crucial role.
Jared Diamond's quote suggests that while environmental conditions can shape the development of human societies, the unique responses and adaptations of those societies to their environments significantly impact their histories and outcomes. The examples of the Dominican Republic and Haiti illustrate how two neighboring countries with similar environmental challenges have taken different paths due to their societal choices and actions.
In practice
In a discussion on sustainability, this quote highlights the importance of human action in environmental responses.
The metaphor is so obvious. Easter Island isolated in the Pacific Ocean β once the island got into trouble, there was no way they could get free. There was no other people from whom they could get help. In the same way that we on Planet Earth, if we ruin our own [world], we won't be able to get help.
But this was the only way of life that humans knew for their first 6m years on the planet. In giving it up over the past few thousand years, we have lost our vulnerability to disease and cold and wild animals, but we have also lost good ways to bring up children, look after old people, stave off diabetes and heart disease and understand the real dangers of everyday life.
We scientists have fantasies of being uniquely qualified to make great discoveries. Alas, reality is cruel: most of us are replaceable. For the vast majority of scientific contributions, if scientist X hadn't achieved it that year, scientist Y would have achieved the same result or something very similar soon thereafter.
All human societies go through fads in which they temporarily either adopt practices of little use or else abandon practices of considerable use.
AIDS and malaria and TB are national security issues. A worldwide program to get a start on dealing with these issues would cost about $25 billion... It's, what, a few months in Iraq.
[T]he values to which people cling most stubbornly under inappropriate conditions are those values that were previously the source of their greatest triumphs.
If you set out in a spaceship to find the one planet in the galaxy that has life, the odds against your finding it would be so great that the task would be indistinguishable, in practice, from impossible.
An experiment is a question which science poses to Nature and a measurement is the recording of Nature's answer.
...for a long time I wanted to become a theologian... now, however, behold how through my efforts God is being debated in astronomy.
The weight of evidence for an extraordinary claim must be proportioned to its strangeness.
I don't have an issue with what you do in the church, but I'm going to be up in your face if you're going to knock on my science classroom and tell me they've got to teach what you're teaching in your Sunday school. Because that's when we're going to fight.
The enemy of science is not religion... . The true enemy is the substitution of thought, reflection, and curiosity with dogma.
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