While the move to central clearing has made the system safer, we need to make sure that the central counterparties have the resources and risk-management practices to withstand plausible but severe shocks.
Jerome PowellRead
Long experience, in the United States and in other advanced economies, has demonstrated that monetary policy is most successful when decisions are rendered independent of influence by elected officials.
Interpretation
Monetary policy works best when it's independent from political influence.
Jerome Powell highlights the importance of maintaining the independence of monetary policy from elected officials to ensure its effectiveness. Experience in advanced economies shows that when central banks make decisions free from political pressure, they can achieve more stable economic outcomes, suggesting that political interference can undermine sound economic practices.
In practice
During a lecture on economic stability, one might quote Jerome Powell to emphasize the need for central bank independence.
While the move to central clearing has made the system safer, we need to make sure that the central counterparties have the resources and risk-management practices to withstand plausible but severe shocks.
I am unable to think of any critical, complex human activity that could be safely reduced to a simple summary equation.
Long-term economic growth depends mainly on nonmonetary factors such as population growth and workforce participation, the skills and aptitudes of our workforce, the tools at their disposal, and the pace of technological advance. Fiscal and regulatory policies can have important effects on these factors.
It is worth noting that 'too big to fail' is not simply about size. A big institution is 'too big' when there is an expectation that government will do whatever it takes to rescue that institution from failure, thus bestowing an effective risk premium subsidy. Reforms to end 'too big to fail' must address the causes of this expectation.
There is no risk-free path for monetary policy.
My own experience is that the best outcomes are reached when opposing viewpoints are clearly and strongly presented before decisions are made.
There is a broad consensus, not only in the United States but in most of the world, that if you are in an economic downturn, you need to stimulate. Germany seems to be an exception.
We used to think that you could spend your way out of a recession and increase employment by cutting taxes and boosting government spending. I tell you in all candour that that option no longer exists, and in so far as it ever did exist, it only worked on each occasion since the war by injecting a bigger dose of inflation into the economy, followed by a higher level of unemployment as the next step.
We all knew this. We all knew that it would take more time than any of us want to dig ourselves out of this hole created by this economic crisis.
If you feed enough oats to the horse, some will pass through to feed the sparrows (referring to "trickle down" economics).
Our financial system is driven by a giant marketing machine in which the interests of sellers directly conflict with the interests of buyers.
Economy is the method by which we prepare today to afford the improvements of tomorrow.
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